{"id":22864,"date":"2018-02-20T15:30:07","date_gmt":"2018-02-20T10:00:07","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/zovon.com\/?p=22864"},"modified":"2018-08-01T13:20:43","modified_gmt":"2018-08-01T07:50:43","slug":"drugs-for-bronchitis","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/zovon.com\/?p=22864","title":{"rendered":"Bronchitis and its Most Common Drug List"},"content":{"rendered":"<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Have you been coughing up lots of thick mucus lately? Or is a nagging dry cough bothering you too much? If yes, you are probably suffering from a respiratory condition, known as <a href=\"https:\/\/zovon.com\/health-conditions\/bronchitis\/\">bronchitis<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Bronchitis is characterized by inflammation of the bronchial tubes, which are the primary airway passage of the lungs. Respiratory tract is extensively branched to facilitate flow of air to and away from the lungs. The trachea (i.e. windpipe) gives off two main branches on either side, known as right main bronchus and left main bronchus. These bronchi, then enter the lungs and give off several smaller branches, known as bronchioles.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Normally, the bronchial walls produce mucous which has a protective action. However, in bronchitis, the swollen and irritated bronchi produce excess mucous, which narrows the airway and causes breathing discomfort.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Based on the duration of the symptoms, bronchitis can be acute or chronic bronchitis. Acute bronchitis is the more common form and lasts for a few days and resolves on its own. Chronic bronchitis on the other hand, lasts for months to years and requires ongoing treatment. Chronic bronchitis is usually seen in smokers. It along with <a href=\"https:\/\/zovon.com\/health-conditions\/emphysema\/\">emphysema<\/a> refers to a respiratory condition, known as <strong>Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: justify;\">Symptoms<\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Bronchitis usually manifests as exaggerated features of common cold, which are listed below.<\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Chest congestion:<\/strong> In bronchitis, the chest feels congested or full due to excess production of mucus.<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Cough:<\/strong> Excess mucus produces the urge of coughing. The color of sputum may be white, yellow or green, depending on the severity of the condition. Very rarely, blood-stained sputum may be seen.<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Shortness of breath:<\/strong> Overproduction of mucus blocks the passage of air through the bronchi, thus causing shortness of breath.<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Wheezing:<\/strong> Respiratory discomfort may produce a typical wheezing or whistling sound while breathing.<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Fever:<\/strong> Bronchitis patients may develop a low-grade fever.<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Other symptoms:<\/strong> Various other symptoms, such as body aches and chills may also be seen. It is not uncommon to experience runny nose and sore throat in bronchitis.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">A significant fact here is that, cough may persist for several weeks even after the resolution of all other symptoms.<\/p>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: justify;\">Treatment<\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Treatment of bronchitis depends on the type of bronchitis and severity of the condition. Acute bronchitis is a mild reversible condition, which usually resolves on its own within few days to weeks, without any medication. Rest and plenty of fluids can effectively treat acute bronchitis.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">However, chronic bronchitis is a serious condition requiring long-term drug therapy. A major challenge in the treatment of chronic bronchitis, is posed by something called as an \u201cacute exacerbation of chronic bronchitis\u201d (AECB). It refers to a sudden worsening of symptoms of chronic bronchitis occurring due to a potential allergen, toxin or an infection (bacteria or virus).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">The goal of treatment in bronchitis is to provide symptomatic relief and eliminate infection (if any). Respiratory discomfort is usually relived by administration of expectorants, antitussives, methylxanthines, adrenergic agonists, anticholinergic drugs, phosphodiesterase-4 inhibitors and inhaled steroids. Oral steroids and antibiotics are more effective in counteracting an acute exacerbation of chronic bronchitis. NSAIDs are used to combat fever, which may be seen in bronchitis.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Other than medications, an educational physical therapy known as Pulmonary rehabilitation, can also aid in management of the condition.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Most of the drugs used in the treatment of bronchitis also serve as chief medications in the treatment of other respiratory diseases, such as <a href=\"https:\/\/zovon.com\/health-conditions\/asthma\/\">asthma<\/a> and COPD.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">The drugs used in bronchitis are as follows.<\/p>\n<h4 style=\"text-align: justify;\">1. Expectorants<\/h4>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Expectorants act by reducing the viscosity of the sputum, thus facilitating its easy removal. These drugs increase the bronchial secretions and make the mucous thin which can be easily cleared by coughing, hence relieving the symptoms of bronchitis.<br \/>\nHowever, regular use of expectorant is not much supported as most doctors recommend natural ways of clearing mucous. At present, US-FDA has terminated the marketing of all expectorants, except Guaifenesin.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>I. Guaifenesin<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Available as:<\/strong> Oral preparations (tablets and syrups)<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>US-FDA Status:<\/strong> Approved for bronchitis<br \/>\n<strong>Availability:<\/strong> Over-the-counter<br \/>\n<strong>Generic name:<\/strong> guaifenesin<br \/>\n<strong>Brand name:<\/strong> Mucinex tablet<br \/>\n<strong>Side-effects:<\/strong> Dizziness, headache, diarrhea, hives<br \/>\n<strong>Indicated in pregnancy:<\/strong> Only if benefit outweighs fetal risk<br \/>\n<strong>Alcohol content:<\/strong> Absent<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">It is also used to relieve the chest congestion caused by <strong>common cold<\/strong> and <strong>allergies<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>II. Mucolytics<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Although US-FDA has disapproved all other expectorants, certain mucolytics such as ambroxol and bromhexine are available as over-the-counter medications in other countries.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Available as:<\/strong> Oral preparations (Tablets and syrups)<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>A. Ambroxol<\/strong><br \/>\n<strong>US-FDA Status:<\/strong> Unapproved for bronchitis<br \/>\n<strong>Generic name:<\/strong> ambroxol hydrochloride<br \/>\n<strong>Brand name:<\/strong> Ambrodil syrup<br \/>\n<strong>Side-effects:<\/strong> Nausea, gastric irritation, lacrimation<br \/>\n<strong>Indicated in Pregnancy:<\/strong> Not indicated in first trimester<br \/>\n<strong>Alcohol Content:<\/strong> Absent<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>B. Bromhexine<\/strong><br \/>\n<strong>US-FDA Status:<\/strong> Unapproved for bronchitis<br \/>\n<strong>Generic name:<\/strong> bromhexine hydrochloride<br \/>\n<strong>Brand name:<\/strong> A-cold syrup<br \/>\n<strong>Side-effects:<\/strong> Gastric irritation, nausea, lacrimation, rhinorrhea<br \/>\n<strong>Indicated in Pregnancy:<\/strong> Not indicated in first trimester<br \/>\n<strong>Alcohol Content:<\/strong> Absent<\/p>\n<h4 style=\"text-align: justify;\">2. Antitussives<\/h4>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Coughing is caused by a complex mechanism involving the nerves of the respiratory tract and the cough center in the brain. The nerves of respiratory tract such as lower pharynx, trachea, larynx and smaller airways, are stimulated. These nerves on stimulation send a signal to the cough center of the brain (medically, known as medulla oblongata). The cough center further evokes a response that causes coughing.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Antitussives relieve coughing by two mechanisms: central and peripheral. Through central mechanism, antitussives inhibit the cough center of the brain, thus raising the threshold of coughing. Peripheral mechanism of action of antitussives involve rendering the local nerve endings numb, i.e. blocking the passage of signal from nerves of throat to the brain.<br \/>\nVarious antitussives used in the treatment of bronchitis are listed below.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>I. Opioid Antitussive<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">This group of drug acts on opioid receptors present in the brain, thus inhibiting the cough reflex. Codeine, hydrocodone and ethyl morphine are widely used opioid antitussive which acts on \u00b5 receptors of brain and suppresses coughing. They produce morphine-like action and pain-relieving action.<br \/>\nHowever, there are various fatal side-effects associated with opioids, such as respiratory depression, which may lead to death. Also, the misuse of this drug is common due to its addiction liability. Hence, a medical consultation is necessary before taking this drug.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Available as:<\/strong> Oral preparations (tablets and solutions), usually in combination with other medications<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>A. Combination of Hydrocodone and Guaifenesin<\/strong><br \/>\n<strong>US-FDA Status:<\/strong> Approved for bronchitis<br \/>\n<strong>Availability:<\/strong> Prescription only<br \/>\n<strong>Generic name:<\/strong> hydrocodone bitartrate and guaifenesin<br \/>\n<strong>Brand name:<\/strong> Flowtuss solution<br \/>\n<strong>Side-effects:<\/strong> Breathing difficulty, irregular fast heart rate, blue or pale nails or lips<br \/>\n<strong>Indicated in pregnancy:<\/strong> Only if absolutely indicated<br \/>\n<strong>Alcohol content:<\/strong> Absent<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>B. Combination of Hydrocodone and Homatropine Methylbromide<\/strong><br \/>\n<strong>US-FDA Status:<\/strong> Approved for bronchitis<br \/>\n<strong>Availability:<\/strong> Prescription only<br \/>\n<strong>Generic name:<\/strong> hydrocodone bitartrate\/ homatropine methylbromide<br \/>\n<strong>Brand name:<\/strong> Tussigon tablet<br \/>\n<strong>Side-effects:<\/strong> Painful urination, reduced urine volume and frequency of urination<br \/>\n<strong>Indicated in pregnancy:<\/strong> Only if absolutely indicated<br \/>\n<strong>Alcohol content:<\/strong> Absent<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>II. Non-Opioid Antitussive<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">These antitussives inhibit the cough center, thus relieving the symptoms of bronchitis. However, unlike opioids, these do not produce central side-effects such as euphoria and respiratory depression. Dextromethorphan is a widely used non-opioid antitussive in bronchitis.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>A. Dextromethorphan<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Available as:<\/strong> Oral preparations (tablets, gels, syrups, solutions, suspensions and lozenges)<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>US-FDA Status:<\/strong> Approved for bronchitis<br \/>\n<strong>Availability:<\/strong> Over-the-counter<br \/>\n<strong>Generic name:<\/strong> dextromethorphan polistrex<br \/>\n<strong>Brand name:<\/strong> Delsym suspension<br \/>\n<strong>Side-effects:<\/strong> Confusion, blurred vision, dizziness, difficulty in urination<br \/>\n<strong>Indicated in pregnancy:<\/strong> Safe in pregnancy<br \/>\n<strong>Alcohol content:<\/strong> Absent<\/p>\n<h4 style=\"text-align: justify;\">3. \u03b2-2 Adrenergic Agonist<\/h4>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">The bronchial walls have a receptor, known as \u03b2-2 Adrenergic receptors. This group of drugs stimulates these receptors, which on stimulation cause dilation of bronchi, thus relieving respiratory discomfort associated with bronchitis. These are usually inhaled to produce desirable results.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">However, these should not be used in patients without wheezing.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Available as:<\/strong> Aerosol preparation in Metered dose inhalers (MDIs) and Dry powder inhalers (DPIs)<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>I. Long-acting \u03b2-2 adrenergic agonists<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>A. Salmeterol<\/strong><br \/>\n<strong>US-FDA Status:<\/strong> Approved for bronchitis<br \/>\n<strong>Availability:<\/strong> Prescription only<br \/>\n<strong>Generic name:<\/strong> salmeterol xinafoate in MDIs<br \/>\n<strong>Brand name:<\/strong> Serevent<br \/>\n<strong>Side-effects:<\/strong> Chest tightness, wheezing, headache, cough with mucous, breathing difficulty, runny or stuffy nose, throat irritation<br \/>\n<strong>Indicated in Pregnancy:<\/strong> Yes<br \/>\n<strong>Alcohol Content:<\/strong> Absent<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>A. Formoterol<\/strong><br \/>\n<strong>US-FDA Status:<\/strong> Approved for bronchitis<br \/>\n<strong>Availability:<\/strong> Prescription only<br \/>\n<strong>Generic name:<\/strong> formoterol inhalation powder in DPIs<br \/>\n<strong>Brand name:<\/strong> Foradil Aerolizer<br \/>\n<strong>Side-effects:<\/strong> Sneezing, cold or flu-like symptoms, chills, ear congestion, hoarseness, body ache<br \/>\n<strong>Indicated in Pregnancy:<\/strong> Yes<br \/>\n<strong>Alcohol Content:<\/strong> Absent<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>II. Short-acting \u03b2-2 adrenergic agonists<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>A. Albuterol<\/strong><br \/>\n<strong>US-FDA Status:<\/strong> Approved for bronchitis<br \/>\n<strong>Availability:<\/strong> Prescription only<br \/>\n<strong>Generic name:<\/strong> albuterol<br \/>\n<strong>Brand name:<\/strong> Proventil-HFA<br \/>\n<strong>Side-effects:<\/strong> Pounding pulse and heartbeat, trembling feet, arms and legs<br \/>\n<strong>Indicated in Pregnancy:<\/strong> Yes<br \/>\n<strong>Alcohol Content:<\/strong> Present (As ethanol in propellant)<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>B. Terbutaline<\/strong><br \/>\n<strong>US-FDA Status:<\/strong> Approved for bronchitis<br \/>\n<strong>Availability:<\/strong> Prescription only<br \/>\n<strong>Generic name:<\/strong> terbutaline nebulizer<br \/>\n<strong>Brand name:<\/strong> Bricanyl<br \/>\n<strong>Side-effects:<\/strong> Headache, light-headedness, sweating, trembling in hands, arms, legs and feet<br \/>\n<strong>Indicated in Pregnancy:<\/strong> Yes<br \/>\n<strong>Alcohol Content:<\/strong> Absent<\/p>\n<h4 style=\"text-align: justify;\">4. Methylxanthines<\/h4>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">This group of drugs acts on all the smooth muscles of the body and causes relaxation of the muscles. Theophylline is a widely used methyl xanthine used in bronchitis and other respiratory conditions, such as asthma and COPD. The most prominent effect of theophylline is seen on bronchial smooth muscles. Hence, it is a potent bronchodilator and is of therapeutic advantage in bronchitis.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Available as:<\/strong> Oral preparations<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>I. Theophylline<\/strong><br \/>\n<strong>US-FDA Status:<\/strong> Approved for bronchitis<br \/>\n<strong>Availability:<\/strong> Prescription only<br \/>\n<strong>Generic name:<\/strong> theophylline oral<br \/>\n<strong>Brand name:<\/strong> Theo-24<br \/>\n<strong>Side-effects:<\/strong> Trembling, persistent vomiting, chest pain, slow or pacing irregular heartbeat, fainting, rapid pulse, increase in urine volume, seizures<br \/>\n<strong>Indicated in Pregnancy:<\/strong> Safe during second and third trimester. However, risk during first trimester has not been completely ruled out<br \/>\n<strong>Alcohol Content:<\/strong> Absent<\/p>\n<h4 style=\"text-align: justify;\">5. Anti-cholinergic drugs<\/h4>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">This group of drugs inhibits a particular receptor, known as muscarinic receptors, which are present on the bronchial smooth muscles. These receptors cause constriction of the bronchi. Anti-cholinergic drugs inhibit these receptors and cause bronchodilation.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Inhlaed anti-cholinergics can benefit patients of bronchitis, but a combination of anti-cholinergics and \u03b2-2 adrenergic agonists has shown to produce remarkable results in bronchitis.<br \/>\nThis combination is also used as a rescue medication in an acute attack of asthma.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Available as:<\/strong> Aerosol preparation in metered device (inhaler or nebulizer)<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>I. Ipratropium bromide<\/strong><br \/>\n<strong>US-FDA Status:<\/strong> Approved for bronchitis<br \/>\n<strong>Availability:<\/strong> Prescription only<br \/>\n<strong>Generic name:<\/strong> ipratropium bromide<br \/>\n<strong>Brand name:<\/strong> Atrovent HFA<br \/>\n<strong>Side-effects:<\/strong> Shortness of breath, bladder pain, bloody or cloudy urine, painful urination, chest tightness, cough with mucous<br \/>\n<strong>Indicated in Pregnancy:<\/strong> Yes<br \/>\n<strong>Alcohol Content:<\/strong> Present (In propellant)<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>II. Tiotropium bromide<\/strong><br \/>\n<strong>US-FDA Status:<\/strong> Approved for bronchitis<br \/>\n<strong>Availability:<\/strong> Prescription only<br \/>\n<strong>Generic name:<\/strong> tiotropium inhalation spray<br \/>\n<strong>Brand name:<\/strong> spiriva respimat<br \/>\n<strong>Side-effects:<\/strong> Pain in jaw, arm or back, sweating, fast or irregular heartbeat, nausea, chest heaviness<br \/>\n<strong>Indicated in Pregnancy:<\/strong> Yes<br \/>\n<strong>Alcohol Content:<\/strong> Absent<\/p>\n<h4 style=\"text-align: justify;\">6. Corticosteroids<\/h4>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Corticosteroids are steroid hormones, which are produced by the adrenal gland and play an important role in various physiologic processes in the human body. Corticosteroids are broadly classified as mineralocorticoids and glucocorticoids. Although both are potent anti-inflammatory drugs, glucocorticoids are specifically beneficial in bronchitis. Glucocorticoids (commonly referred to as steroids) relieve the airway inflammation and hence, are used in bronchitis. Based on the condition of the patient, the route of administration of glucocorticoid is decided.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Available as:<\/strong> Aerosol preparation in metered dose inhalers (MDIs) and dry powder inhalers (DPIs) as well as oral preparations<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>I. Inhaled steroids<\/strong><br \/>\nThis is an effective treatment method in patients of bronchitis.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Aerosol preparation in MDIs<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>A. Beclomethasone propionate<\/strong><br \/>\n<strong>US-FDA Status:<\/strong> Approved for bronchitis<br \/>\n<strong>Availability:<\/strong> Prescription only<br \/>\n<strong>Generic name:<\/strong> beclomethasone dipropionate<br \/>\n<strong>Brand name:<\/strong> Qvar inhaler<br \/>\n<strong>Common side-effects:<\/strong> Deepened voice, unpleasant taste in mouth, headache, vomiting, nausea, sore throat, upset stomach<br \/>\n<strong>Indicated in Pregnancy:<\/strong> Yes<br \/>\n<strong>Alcohol Content:<\/strong> Present (As Ethanol in propellant)<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>B. Mometasone<\/strong><br \/>\n<strong>US-FDA Status:<\/strong> Approved for bronchitis<br \/>\n<strong>Availability:<\/strong> Prescription only<br \/>\n<strong>Generic name:<\/strong> mometasone inhalation<br \/>\n<strong>Brand name:<\/strong> Asmanex HFA<br \/>\n<strong>Common side-effects:<\/strong> Cold or flu-like symptoms, cough, congestion, dry or sore throat, body aches<br \/>\n<strong>Indicated in Pregnancy:<\/strong> Yes<br \/>\n<strong>Alcohol Content:<\/strong> Present (As Ethanol in propellant)<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Dry Powder Inhalation in DPIs<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>A. Budesonide<\/strong><br \/>\n<strong>US-FDA Status:<\/strong> Approved for bronchitis<br \/>\n<strong>Availability:<\/strong> Prescription only<br \/>\n<strong>Generic name:<\/strong> budesonide inhalation powder<br \/>\n<strong>Brand name:<\/strong> Pulmicort Turbuhaler<br \/>\n<strong>Common side-effects:<\/strong> Vaginal itching and discharge, ear ache, pain on urinating, fever, abdominal pain, diarrhea, shortness of breath, trouble swallowing, red or watery eye<br \/>\n<strong>Indicated in Pregnancy:<\/strong> Yes<br \/>\n<strong>Alcohol Content:<\/strong> Absent<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>II. Oral steroids<\/strong><br \/>\nInhaled steroids may not produce much relief in an acute exacerbation of chronic bronchitis. Hence, a short course of oral steroids is administered.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>A. Prednisolone<\/strong><br \/>\n<strong>US-FDA Status:<\/strong> Approved for bronchitis<br \/>\n<strong>Availability:<\/strong> Prescription only<br \/>\n<strong>Generic name:<\/strong> prednisolone<br \/>\n<strong>Brand name:<\/strong> Prelone syrup<br \/>\n<strong>Side-effects:<\/strong> Nausea, dizziness, heartburn, insomnia, infections<br \/>\n<strong>Indicated in Pregnancy:<\/strong> Yes<br \/>\n<strong>Alcohol Content:<\/strong> Absent<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>B. Hydrocortisone<\/strong><br \/>\n<strong>US-FDA Status:<\/strong> Approved for bronchitis<br \/>\n<strong>Availability:<\/strong> Prescription only<br \/>\n<strong>Generic name:<\/strong> hydrocortisone<br \/>\n<strong>Brand name:<\/strong> Cortef tablet<br \/>\n<strong>Side-effects:<\/strong> Trouble sleeping, dry mouth, anxiety, blurred vision, reduce urine volume, aggression, mental depression, weight gain, restlessness<br \/>\n<strong>Indicated in Pregnancy:<\/strong> Yes<br \/>\n<strong>Alcohol Content:<\/strong> Absent<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>C. Dexamethasone<\/strong><br \/>\n<strong>US-FDA Status:<\/strong> Approved for bronchitis<br \/>\n<strong>Availability:<\/strong> Prescription only<br \/>\n<strong>Generic name:<\/strong> dexamethasone<br \/>\n<strong>Brand name:<\/strong> Dexamethasone elixir<br \/>\n<strong>Side-effects:<\/strong> Trouble walking, sleeping or thinking, blurred vision, agitation, mood changes, aggression, anxiety<br \/>\n<strong>Indicated in Pregnancy:<\/strong> Indicated only for short-term use<br \/>\n<strong>Alcohol Content:<\/strong> Absent<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Oral Corticosteroids are also used in treatment of other diseases, such as allergic diseases, <strong>arthritis<\/strong>, etc.<\/p>\n<h4 style=\"text-align: justify;\">7. Phosphodiesterase-4 Inhibitors<\/h4>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Commonly referred to as PDE4 inhibitor, this group of drugs increases the amount of a chemical called cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) in smooth muscles of lung, which causes bronchodilation. Hence, PDE4 inhibitors are usually used in chronic bronchitis.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Available as:<\/strong> Oral preparations<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>I. Roflumilast<\/strong><br \/>\n<strong>US-FDA Status:<\/strong> Approved for bronchitis<br \/>\n<strong>Availability:<\/strong> Prescription only<br \/>\n<strong>Generic name:<\/strong> roflumilast<br \/>\n<strong>Brand name:<\/strong> Daliresp tablet<br \/>\n<strong>Side-effects:<\/strong> Unexplained weight loss, diarrhea, cough, chills<br \/>\n<strong>Indicated in Pregnancy:<\/strong> Only if absolutely indicated<br \/>\n<strong>Alcohol Content:<\/strong> Absent<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">These are also used in COPD with frequent exacerbations.<\/p>\n<h4 style=\"text-align: justify;\">8. Non-Steroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs)<\/h4>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">This group of drugs inhibits an enzyme, known as cyclo-oxygenase enzyme. This enzyme is needed for the production of a compound, called Prostaglandin. These prostaglandins are pain-inducing compounds. NSAIDs produce analgesic (pain-relieving), anti-pyretic (relieving high temperature i.e. fever) and anti-inflammatory (relieves swelling) effect.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Patients of bronchitis may experience symptoms of general illness, such as body ache, fever and fatigue. There are several classes of drugs included in NSAIDs. However, some analgesic-antipyretic NSAIDs can be used for symptomatic relief in bronchitis patients.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Available as:<\/strong> Oral preparations and Injections (intravenous, intramuscular and subcutaneous)<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Oral preparation<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>I. Ibuprofen<\/strong><br \/>\n<strong>US-FDA Status:<\/strong> Approved for bronchitis<br \/>\n<strong>Availability:<\/strong> Over-the-counter<br \/>\n<strong>Generic name:<\/strong> ibuprofen<br \/>\n<strong>Brand name:<\/strong> Ibuprofen tablet<br \/>\n<strong>Side-effects:<\/strong> Belching, abdominal pain, cloudy urine, bloating<br \/>\n<strong>Indicated in Pregnancy:<\/strong> Only if absolutely indicated<br \/>\n<strong>Alcohol Content:<\/strong> Absent<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>II. Acetaminophen Oral<\/strong><br \/>\n<strong>US-FDA Status:<\/strong> Approved for bronchitis<br \/>\n<strong>Availability:<\/strong> Over-the-counter<br \/>\n<strong>Generic name:<\/strong> acetaminophen<br \/>\n<strong>Brand name:<\/strong> Tylenol tablet<br \/>\n<strong>Side-effects:<\/strong> Black tarry stools, cloudy urine, rashes, hives<br \/>\n<strong>Indicated in Pregnancy:<\/strong> Only if absolutely indicated<br \/>\n<strong>Alcohol Content:<\/strong> Absent<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Injectable preparation<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>I. Acetaminpohen Injection<\/strong><br \/>\n<strong>US-FDA Status:<\/strong> Approved for bronchitis<br \/>\n<strong>Availability:<\/strong> Prescription only<br \/>\n<strong>Generic name:<\/strong> acetaminophen<br \/>\n<strong>Brand name:<\/strong> Ofirmev injection<br \/>\n<strong>Side-effects:<\/strong> Pain at the injection site, allergic reaction, hives, itching<br \/>\n<strong>Indicated in Pregnancy:<\/strong> Only if absolutely indicated<br \/>\n<strong>Alcohol Content:<\/strong> Absent<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">NSAIDs are also used in certain other conditions, such as arthritis, <strong>toothache<\/strong>, <strong>menstrual cramps<\/strong>, etc.<\/p>\n<h4 style=\"text-align: justify;\">9. Antibiotics<\/h4>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">These are anti-microbial agents, which act against bacteria. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention strictly condemns the use of antibiotics in bronchitis as it is mostly caused by virus. Hence, administration of antibiotic in bronchitis has no therapeutic benefit.[<a href=\"https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/antibiotic-use\/community\/for-patients\/common-illnesses\/bronchitis.html\" target=\"_blank\"  rel=\"noopener nofollow\">1<\/a>]<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">However, if a bacterial infection has superimposed an existing condition of chronic bronchitis, it may worsen the symptoms. In such cases of acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis, broad-spectrum antibiotics are prescribed.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Various class of antibiotics used in the treatment of bronchitis are described below.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>I. Beta- Lactam antibiotics<\/strong><br \/>\nThese antibiotics have a beta-lactam ring in their chemical structure. Penicillin, cephalosporins and carbapenems are the beta lactam antibiotics advovated in the use of bronchitis.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>A. Penicillin<\/strong><br \/>\nIt inhibits the bacterial cell wall synthesis, thus killing the bacteria. Hence, penicillin is a bactericidal antibiotic.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Available as:<\/strong> Oral preparations and Injections (intravenous and intramuscular)<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Oral preparation<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>US-FDA Status:<\/strong> Approved for bronchitis<br \/>\n<strong>Availability:<\/strong> Prescription only<br \/>\n<strong>Generic name:<\/strong> amoxicillin<br \/>\n<strong>Brand name:<\/strong> Amoxil oral suspension<br \/>\n<strong>Side-effects:<\/strong> Abdominal pain, bleeding gums, black tarry stools, bloating, blistering of skin<br \/>\n<strong>Indicated in Pregnancy:<\/strong> Only if benefit outweighs feta risk<br \/>\n<strong>Alcohol Content:<\/strong> Absent<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Injectable preparation<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>US-FDA Status:<\/strong> Approved for bronchitis<br \/>\n<strong>Availability:<\/strong> Prescription only<br \/>\n<strong>Generic name:<\/strong> penicllin G sodium vial<br \/>\n<strong>Brand name:<\/strong> Pfizerpen<br \/>\n<strong>Side-effects:<\/strong> Muscle or joint pain, swelling of ankles or feet, sore throat<br \/>\n<strong>Indicated in Pregnancy:<\/strong> Only if absolutely indicated<br \/>\n<strong>Alcohol Content:<\/strong> Absent<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>B. Cephalosporins<\/strong><br \/>\nThey act in a similar fashion as penicillins, i.e. they inhibit bacterial cell wall synthesis and thus are bactericidal. However, they differ from penicillin as they produce this bactericidal action by binding to different proteins on bacterial cell wall.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Available as:<\/strong> Oral preparation and injections (intravenous and intramuscular)<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Oral preparation<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>US-FDA Status:<\/strong> Approved for bronchitis<br \/>\n<strong>Availability:<\/strong> Prescription only<br \/>\n<strong>Generic name:<\/strong> cefixime<br \/>\n<strong>Brand name:<\/strong> Cefixime oral suspension<br \/>\n<strong>Side-effects:<\/strong> Frequent loose stools, diarrhea, bleeding gums, agitation<br \/>\n<strong>Indicated in Pregnancy:<\/strong> Only if benefit outweighs risk<br \/>\n<strong>Alcohol Content:<\/strong> Absent<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Injectable preparation<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>US-FDA Status:<\/strong> Approved for bronchitis<br \/>\n<strong>Availability:<\/strong> Prescription only<br \/>\n<strong>Generic name:<\/strong> ceftriaxone<br \/>\n<strong>Brand name:<\/strong> Ceftriaxone injection<br \/>\n<strong>Side-effects:<\/strong> Cough, chest pain, chills, black tarry stools<br \/>\n<strong>Indicated in Pregnancy:<\/strong> Only if benefit outweighs risk<br \/>\n<strong>Alcohol Content:<\/strong> Absent<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Ceftriaxone is also used in other severe bacterial infection, such as <strong>meningitis<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>C. Carbapenems<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Being a member of beta lactam antibiotic class of drug, carbapenems inhibit the bacterial cell wall synthesis, thus producing a bactericidal effect. However, unlike penicillin and cephalopsorin, it has a much wider range of therapeutic action, i.e. it acts against a variety of bacterial pathogens.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>i) Imipenem<\/strong><br \/>\nIn order to enhance its action, it is usually combined with a drug, known as Cilastin. Cilastin is a potent inhibitor of an enzyme which metabolises the imipenem. Thus, a combination of cilastina and imipenem, prolongs the duration of action of the drug, hence acting as an effective drug in bronchitis.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Available as:<\/strong> Injectable preparations<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>US-FDA Status:<\/strong> Approved for bronchitis<br \/>\n<strong>Availability:<\/strong> Prescription only<br \/>\n<strong>Generic name:<\/strong> imipenem\/ cilastin sodium<br \/>\n<strong>Brand name:<\/strong> Primaxin injectable powder<br \/>\n<strong>Side-effects:<\/strong> Dizziness, confusion, convulsions, tremors, pain at site of injection<br \/>\n<strong>Indicated in Pregnancy:<\/strong> Only if benefit outweighs risk<br \/>\n<strong>Alcohol Content:<\/strong> Absent<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>II. Tetracycline Group of Antibiotic<\/strong><br \/>\nThis group of antibiotics is bacteriostatic i.e. it inhibits the growth of bacteria. Tetracyclines bind to a particular ribosome of the bacteria and thus, inhibit the protein synthesis.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>A. Doxycycline<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Available as:<\/strong> Mostly oral preparations<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>US-FDA Status:<\/strong> Approved for bronchitis<br \/>\n<strong>Availability:<\/strong> Prescription only<br \/>\n<strong>Generic name:<\/strong> doxycycline hyclate<br \/>\n<strong>Brand name:<\/strong> Doryx tablet<br \/>\n<strong>Side-effects:<\/strong> Clay colored stools, bloating, chills, cough, peeling or blistering of skin<br \/>\n<strong>Indicated in Pregnancy:<\/strong> Usually contraindicated<br \/>\n<strong>Alcohol Content:<\/strong> Absent<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">It is also used to treat <a href=\"https:\/\/zovon.com\/health-conditions\/acne\/\">acne<\/a> and prevent <strong>malaria<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>III. Macrolides<\/strong><br \/>\nThese antibiotics have a macrocyclic lactone ring. They inhibit protein synthesis, hence act against bacteria. However, the point of significance here is that it is bacteriostatic at low dose and is bactericidal at high doses. Erythromycin and Azithromycin are the macrolide antibiotics used in the treatment of bronchitis.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Available as:<\/strong> Oral preparations<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>A. Erythromycin<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>US-FDA Status:<\/strong> Approved for bronchitis<br \/>\n<strong>Availability:<\/strong> Prescription only<br \/>\n<strong>Generic name:<\/strong> eryhtromycin<br \/>\n<strong>Brand name:<\/strong> Ery-tab tablet<br \/>\n<strong>Side-effects:<\/strong> Rapid heartrate, cough, dizziness, chills, diarrhea<br \/>\n<strong>Indicated in pregnancy:<\/strong> Usually indicated<br \/>\n<strong>Alcohol content:<\/strong> Absent<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>B. Azithromycin<\/strong><br \/>\nAzithromycin is a newer analogue of erythromycin and has an extended spectrum of activity than erythromycin.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>US-FDA Status:<\/strong> Approved for bronchitis<br \/>\n<strong>Availability:<\/strong> Prescription only<br \/>\n<strong>Generic name:<\/strong> azithromycin<br \/>\n<strong>Brand name:<\/strong> Zithromax oral suspension<br \/>\n<strong>Side-effects:<\/strong> Cracked skin, diarrhea, loose stools, fever<br \/>\n<strong>Indicated in pregnancy:<\/strong> Only if absolutely indicated<br \/>\n<strong>Alcohol content:<\/strong> Absent<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Azithromycin is also used to treat <strong>skin infections<\/strong>,<strong> ear infections<\/strong> and <strong>Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs)<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>IV. Fluoroquinolones<\/strong><br \/>\nThis group of drugs is bactericidal as it inhibits the DNA synthesis by inhibiting certain bacterial enzymes, namely DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Available as:<\/strong> Oral preparation and injections (mainly intravenous)<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>A. Levofloxacin<\/strong><br \/>\n<strong>US-FDA Status:<\/strong> Approved for bronchitis<br \/>\n<strong>Availability:<\/strong> Prescription only<br \/>\n<strong>Generic name:<\/strong> levofloxacin<br \/>\n<strong>Brand name:<\/strong> Levofloxacin tablet<br \/>\n<strong>Side-effects:<\/strong> Cracked skin, diarrhea, loose stools, fever<br \/>\n<strong>Indicated in pregnancy:<\/strong> Only if absolutely indicated<br \/>\n<strong>Alcohol content:<\/strong> Absent<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">It is also used in the treatment of other respiratory infections, such as pneumonia.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>V. Combination of Sulfamethoxazole and Trimethoprim<\/strong><br \/>\nSulfamethoxazole belongs to a class of drug, called sulfonamide and Trimethoprim belongs to pyrimidine inhibitor class of drugs. Both these antibiotics inhibit the formation of folic acid, which is necessary for bacterial growth. Hence, both these antibiotics are bacteriostatic antibiotics.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Available as:<\/strong> Oral preparation<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>US-FDA Status:<\/strong> Approved for bronchitis<br \/>\n<strong>Availability:<\/strong> Prescription only<br \/>\n<strong>Generic name:<\/strong> sulfamethoxazole\/ trimethoprim<br \/>\n<strong>Brand name:<\/strong> Septra tablet<br \/>\n<strong>Side-effects:<\/strong> Abdominal pain, chills, black tarry stools, change in skin color, dizziness, dark urine, diarrhea<br \/>\n<strong>Indicated in pregnancy:<\/strong> Usually contraindicated<br \/>\n<strong>Alcohol content<\/strong>: Absent<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">This combination is also used to treat <strong>Urinary Tract Infection (UTI)<\/strong>, ear infection, <strong>shigellosis<\/strong>, <strong>traveler&#8217;s diarrhea<\/strong> and a variant of <strong>pneumonia<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: justify;\">OTC<\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Inhalers, expectorants, NSAIDs and certain antibiotics constitute the OTC drugs in bronchitis. However, the availability varies among the countries based on the norms of drug regulatory bodies.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Various over-the-counter medications for bronchitis, available in different countries, have been listed in the table below.<\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Name of the Country<\/strong><\/td>\n<td><strong>OTC Drug(s) Available<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Argentina<\/td>\n<td>Bromhexine (oral)<br \/>\nAmbroxol (oral)<br \/>\nGuaifenesin (oral)<br \/>\nIbuprofen (oral)<br \/>\nAcetaminophen (oral)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u00a0Australia<\/td>\n<td>Beclomethasone dipropionate (nasal)<br \/>\nMometasone (nasal)<br \/>\nTheophylline (oral)<br \/>\nIpratropium bromide (nasal)<br \/>\nSalbutamol<br \/>\nBromhexine (oral)<br \/>\nGuaifenesin (oral)<br \/>\nDextromethorphan (oral)<br \/>\nIbuprofen (oral)<br \/>\nAcetaminophen (oral)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u00a0Austria<\/td>\n<td>Ambroxol (oral)<br \/>\nGuaifenesin (oral)<br \/>\nDextromethorphan (oral)<br \/>\nIbuprofen (oral)<br \/>\nAcetaminophen (oral)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u00a0Canada<\/td>\n<td>Mometasone (nasal)<br \/>\nGuaifenesin (oral)<br \/>\nDextromethorphan (oral)<br \/>\nIbuprofen (oral)<br \/>\nAcetaminophen (oral)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u00a0China<\/td>\n<td>Beclomethasone dipropionate (nasal)<br \/>\nPrednisolone (oral)<br \/>\nBromhexine (oral)<br \/>\nAmbroxol (oral)<br \/>\nGuaifenesin (oral)<br \/>\nDextromethorphan (oral)<br \/>\nIbuprofen (oral)<br \/>\nAcetaminophen (oral)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u00a0Croatia<\/td>\n<td>Bromhexine (oral)<br \/>\nAmbroxol (oral)<br \/>\nGuaifenesin (oral)<br \/>\nDextromethorphan (oral)<br \/>\nIbuprofen (oral)<br \/>\nAcetaminophen (oral)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Czech Republic<\/td>\n<td>Beclomethasone dipropionate (nasal)<br \/>\nIpratropium bromide (nasal)<br \/>\nBromhexine (oral)<br \/>\nAmbroxol (oral)<br \/>\nGuaifenesin (oral)<br \/>\nDextromethorphan (oral)<br \/>\nIbuprofen (oral)<br \/>\nAcetaminophen (oral)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u00a0Denmark<\/td>\n<td>Beclomethasone dipropionate (nasal)<br \/>\nBromhexine (oral)<br \/>\nDextromethorphan (oral)<br \/>\nIbuprofen (oral)<br \/>\nAcetaminophen (oral)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u00a0France<\/td>\n<td>Beclomethasone dipropionate (nasal)<br \/>\nBromhexine (oral)<br \/>\nAmbroxol (oral)<br \/>\nGuaifenesin (oral)<br \/>\nIbuprofen (oral)<br \/>\nAcetaminophen (oral)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u00a0Germany<\/td>\n<td>Beclomethasone dipropionate (nasal)<br \/>\nBromhexine (oral)<br \/>\nAmbroxol (oral)<br \/>\nGuaifenesin (oral)<br \/>\nDextromethorphan (oral)<br \/>\nIbuprofen (oral)<br \/>\nAcetaminophen (oral)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u00a0Greece<\/td>\n<td>Prednisolone (oral)<br \/>\nBromhexine (oral)<br \/>\nAmbroxol (oral)<br \/>\nIbuprofen (oral)<br \/>\nAcetaminophen (oral)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u00a0Hungary<\/td>\n<td>Ipratropium bromide (nasal)<br \/>\nBromhexine (oral)<br \/>\nAmbroxol (oral)<br \/>\nGuaifenesin (oral)<br \/>\nDextromethorphan (oral)<br \/>\nIbuprofen (oral)<br \/>\nAcetaminophen (oral)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u00a0India<\/td>\n<td>Beclomethasone dipropionate (nasal)<br \/>\nMometasone (nasal)<br \/>\nPrednisolone (oral)<br \/>\nIpratropium bromide (nasal)<br \/>\nSalbutamol<br \/>\nBromhexine (oral)<br \/>\nAmbroxol (oral)<br \/>\nGuaifenesin (oral)<br \/>\nDextromethorphan (oral)<br \/>\nIbuprofen (oral)<br \/>\nAcetaminophen (oral)<br \/>\nCodeine (oral)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u00a0Ireland<\/td>\n<td>Beclomethasone dipropionate (nasal)<br \/>\nIpratropium bromide (nasal)<br \/>\nAmbroxol (oral)<br \/>\nGuaifenesin (oral)<br \/>\nDextromethorphan (oral)<br \/>\nIbuprofen (oral)<br \/>\nAcetaminophen (oral)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u00a0Italy<\/td>\n<td>Beclomethasone dipropionate (nasal)<br \/>\nIpratropium bromide (nasal)<br \/>\nBromhexine (oral)<br \/>\nAmbroxol (oral)<br \/>\nGuaifenesin (oral)<br \/>\nDextromethorphan (oral)<br \/>\nIbuprofen (oral)<br \/>\nAcetaminophen (oral)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u00a0Japan<\/td>\n<td>Beclomethasone dipropionate (nasal)<br \/>\nPrednisolone (oral)<br \/>\nTheophylline (oral)<br \/>\nBromhexine (oral)<br \/>\nAmbroxol (oral)<br \/>\nGuaifenesin (oral)<br \/>\nDextromethorphan (oral)<br \/>\nIbuprofen (oral)<br \/>\nAcetaminophen (oral)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u00a0 Mexico<\/td>\n<td>Salbutamol<br \/>\nromhexine (oral)<br \/>\nAmbroxol (oral)<br \/>\nGuaifenesin (oral)<br \/>\nDextromethorphan (oral)<br \/>\nIbuprofen (oral)<br \/>\nAcetaminophen (oral)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u00a0 Philippines<\/td>\n<td>Bromhexine (oral)<br \/>\nAmbroxol (oral)<br \/>\nDextromethorphan (oral)<br \/>\nIbuprofen (oral)<br \/>\nAcetaminophen (oral)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u00a0Russia<\/td>\n<td>Beclomethasone dipropionate (nasal)<br \/>\nMometasone (nasal)<br \/>\nIbuprofen (oral)<br \/>\nAcetaminophen (oral)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u00a0Singapore<\/td>\n<td>Beclomethasone dipropionate (nasal)<br \/>\nSalbutamol<br \/>\nBromhexine (oral)<br \/>\nAmbroxol (oral)<br \/>\nDextromethorphan (oral)<br \/>\nIbuprofen (oral)<br \/>\nAcetaminophen (oral)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u00a0 South Africa<\/td>\n<td>Beclomethasone dipropionate (nasal)<br \/>\nMometasone (nasal)<br \/>\nPrednisolone (oral)<br \/>\nTheophylline (oral)<br \/>\nIbuprofen (oral)<br \/>\nAcetaminophen (oral)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u00a0 South Korea<\/td>\n<td>Beclomethasone dipropionate (nasal)<br \/>\nPrednisolone (oral)<br \/>\nSalbutamol<br \/>\nBromhexine (oral)<br \/>\nAmbroxol (oral)<br \/>\nDextromethorphan (oral)<br \/>\nIbuprofen (oral)<br \/>\nAcetaminophen (oral)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u00a0Spain<\/td>\n<td>Beclomethasone dipropionate (nasal)<br \/>\nPrednisolone (oral)<br \/>\nIpratropium bromide (nasal)<br \/>\nBromhexine (oral)<br \/>\nAmbroxol (oral)<br \/>\nGuaifenesin (oral)<br \/>\nDextromethorphan (oral)<br \/>\nIbuprofen (oral)<br \/>\nAcetaminophen (oral)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u00a0Switzerland<\/td>\n<td>Bromhexine (oral)<br \/>\nAmbroxol (oral)<br \/>\nGuaifenesin (oral)<br \/>\nDextromethorphan (oral)<br \/>\nIbuprofen (oral)<br \/>\nAcetaminophen (oral)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>The Netherlands<\/td>\n<td>Ipratropium bromide (nasal)<br \/>\nBromhexine (oral)<br \/>\nAmbroxol (oral)<br \/>\nDextromethorphan (oral)<br \/>\nIbuprofen (oral)<br \/>\nAcetaminophen (oral)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>UK<\/td>\n<td>Beclomethasone dipropionate (nasal)<br \/>\nMometasone (nasal)<br \/>\nTheophylline (oral)<br \/>\nIpratropium bromide (nasal)<br \/>\nGuaifenesin (oral)<br \/>\nDextromethorphan (oral)<br \/>\nIbuprofen (oral)<br \/>\nAcetaminophen (oral)<br \/>\nAzithromycin (oral)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>USA<\/td>\n<td>Dextromethorphan (oral)<br \/>\nIbuprofen (oral)<br \/>\nAcetaminophen (oral)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">The importance of a doctor&#8217;s consultation cannot be ignored. Self-medication is not recommended due to the side-effects associated with the medications.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Therefore, seek medical consultation prior to starting any therapy.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Have you been coughing up lots of thick mucus lately? Or is a nagging dry cough bothering you too much? If yes, you are probably suffering from a respiratory condition, known as bronchitis. Bronchitis is characterized by inflammation of the bronchial tubes, which are the primary airway passage of the lungs. Respiratory tract is extensively [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":19,"featured_media":33782,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"tdm_status":"","tdm_grid_status":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[18941],"tags":[25559],"class_list":["post-22864","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","category-drug-by-condition","tag-bronchitis"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/zovon.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/22864","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/zovon.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/zovon.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/zovon.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/19"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/zovon.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=22864"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/zovon.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/22864\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/zovon.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/33782"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/zovon.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=22864"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/zovon.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=22864"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/zovon.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=22864"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}